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Objects! with ShipHero talks with the entrepreneurs, innovators and idealists that put items on the shelf and bring packages to your doorstep. From hot sauce to board games, toothbrushes to frying pans, startup side-gigs to enterprise players, join ShipHero founder, Nicholas Daniel-Richards, as he demystifies the manufacturing and logistics behind some of our most beloved household objects, with transformational ideas that are guaranteed to make you say, why didnât I think of that?. This fast-paced and intriguing podcast covers thousands of travelled miles in less than an hour, so next time youâre standing in your local store and see a label that says âMade in <A Land Far, Far Away>â, youâll know just how it got into your hands.Objects! with ShipHero discusses in detail what it takes to transform an intangible idea into a tangible object that is designed, sold, manufactured, shipped, and delivered in the digital world. If you are a successful entrepreneur looking to grow or an aspiring innovator with an idea, Objects! with ShipHero provides a detailed, 360Ⲡexploration with the masterminds behind modern ecommerce and shipping solutions. So settle in, buckle up, and prepare to get objectified! ⌠no wait, not that. Get ready to say âI objects!â⌠weâll work on it. Available on iTunes and at this link.
In Episode 2 of Objects! with ShipHero, we uncover how Joe Spisak and his close circle of friends rode an overnight board game success into becoming a business mogul in the fulfillment industry by âjust getting it doneâ. Joe Spisak is credited as the creator of board games Dicey and OK Boomer!, and founder of the Third Party Logistics (3PL) company ShipDaddy (unrelated).(By the way, see if you can spot all of the board game titles hidden in the article)
In 2015, a recently-graduated Joe Spisak began to showcase his genius early on when he and his housemate Logan decided to stay on their college campus for an additional year, living the college life without the college classes. But in a cruel twist of fate, the pair quickly discovered that their brilliant endeavor had one serious flaw.âWe were basically getting fed up playing beer pong, flip cup, quartersâŚ. You know the traditional college games.â says Joe Spisak in his conversation with ShipHero founder Nicholas Daniel-Richards.So instead of suffering through another horribly monotonous night of flipping cups, they decided to flip the script by creating their own drinking game: The Wheel of Fun, prototype and precursor to their now wildly-popular game Dicey.The game concept was simple: spin a wheel and land on a color, then pick a card from the color category, and finally, complete whatever outrageous and laugh-out-loud funny suggestion on the card.The game was an instant hit, with friends and fellow bar patrons basically begging Joe to play The Wheel of Fun nightly. After some intense product testing and feedback from these unfocused focus groups, a single die soon replaced the wheel of misfortune and the game was henceforth referred to as Dicey â sensibly due to the fact that it may get you into some dicey situations, oh and the dice.
Fast forward to 2017 and Joe had moved on to an impressive technical corporate job; however, the uproarious success of Dicey still rattled around Joeâs skull just like the whispers of his collegiate legacy still rattled the halls of his alma-mater. He couldnât risk this opportunity passing him by, so after one quick call to Logan the Dicey duo were back in business.As it turned out, developing a game from scratch was no trivial pursuit. Working with Joeâs sister, a talented UX designer, the team developed a brand, a box, and detailed design specs â all the necessary components to manufacture a game. Next step was to raise capital and find a supplier.If raising capital was the easy part, securing $21,000 on Kickstarter in just 30 days, then finding a supplier was certainly the fun part. To meet with high-quality board game manufacturers, Joe and Logan attended Gen Con, the largest tabletop board game convention in North America and held in Indianapolis â just how big is Gen Con? Joe tells us that the convention reserves Lucas Oil Stadium, the NFL stadium of the Indianapolis Colts, to play the quarter-finals of Settlers of Catan.With both the funds and manufacturer secured, the remaining topic was fulfillment: how to physically get the product into the hands of the customers. Joe and Logan went with a traditional fulfillment company, and with all the pieces in place (pun intended), orders for Dicey started piling in due in part to effective social media marketing as well as significant exposure from being on the Barstool Sportsâ Big Brain Competition â yes, that is where you recognize them from. The success of Dicey was undeniable, and it actually became the second-most popular board game invented in Pennsylvania, a close second behind the game Monopoly. But as their order volume rose, so did problems with their fulfillment experience.
âWhat was the first scary moment you experienced between the orders coming in and the actual fulfillment process?â asks Nicholas in their podcast conversation.âI think the scary moment was working with fulfillment providers and sending them emails and waiting 72 hours and praying to God to get a hold of someone that understood the nuances of your account. You spend two years building this brand, creating this ecommerce company, and then the whole back end of the business, the most important part of taking the game and delivering it to the customers was completely out of your hands. And what blew my mind, was not only the lack of support⌠but also the lack of customization you can do.â â Joe SpisakCustomers were complaining about a poor unboxing experience and Diceyâs success was being compromised by subpar fulfillment service. About a year and a half into selling their product, the team had already gone through three different 3PLs, which is a staggering figure in the ecommerce world considering the time and money it takes to move freights of inventory from one warehouse to another.They were frustrated that seemingly simple modifications to the fulfillment process, like including a pamphlet in the box, were impossible; not to mention, the whole process felt highly impersonal and many fulfillment agents had no clue about the nuances of their account. What they needed was a white-glove fulfillment service with trustworthy and caring people, and when you want something done right you better do it yourself.ShipDaddy had its first warehouse in a 800 sq-ft room in an abandoned town morgue that Joe got in exchange for completing a website project for the local realtor. They used what they learnt from their past 3PL providers to implement best practices and, most importantly, hired people that aligned to their mission, values, and dedication to high-end service. They vertically integrated up the value chain and were successfully fulfilling their own product.ShipDaddy officially became a 3PL when other brands approached them that were having the exact same trouble with their fulfillment experience: impersonal and inflexible. It seemed that ShipDaddy held a local monopoly on the âHandle with Careâ business model. As for their growth strategy, they focused on solving problems as they came in, and continually developed their capabilities to meet the needs of their customers. Primarily, they have moved into the Print on Demand, Merchandising, and Digital Media Creation spaces in addition to ecommerce fulfillment.
One of Joeâs first hires was a close friend named Brady, who earned the title Brady the ShipDaddy, half in part due to his military nickname âDadâ that he earned by caring for other soldiers like a father, and the other half in part for his stellar work ethic in the warehouse. When it came time to create a business brand, Joe thought it a no-brainer to name it after a friend that embodies the spirit and values of their 3PL company.
Joe tells us that ShipDaddy just hired their 20th employee, and they have since moved on from the morgue to a 10,000 sq-ft warehouse and will soon be moving to a 140,000 sq-ft building across the road. Their roadmap for the next year includes opening a West Coast location, acquiring the right customers that fit with their business model, further expanding their capabilities, and hiring more fantastic people that can vibe with Brady and the bunch.Last year, 2020 (feels awesome saying that), Joe created a new board game called OK Boomer! that is fun for up to three generations. ShipDaddy is proof that a smart group of people and an idea can become an entrepreneurial success.
Do you have an idea thatâs been gnawing at you? You are living in an era that is full of ways to convert that idea into a viable business. The reality is thereâs no magical five step program, and weâre all making this up. However, thereâs lots of tools, resources, and fantastically passionate and smart people that we can all learn from who are building all sorts of new brands and yes, ShipHero gets to do the shipping.If you have an object that you want to profile, please send a note to John Wakim at pitch@shiphero.com - weâre always on the lookout for a new object to cover. For more info, episode details, and links to the stuff we discuss, visit https://shiphero.com/podcast.Listen to the podcast episode here.The Objects! With ShipHero podcast is brought to you by ShipHero, the leader in ecommerce order fulfillment services.
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While your team is still walking aisles, your competitors are cutting pick times in half with automation. Guess whoâs shipping faster and stealing market share?
Automation isn't the future anymore. It's the present. For growing eCommerce brands or fulfillment centers under pressure to deliver faster, cheaper, and more accurately, automated warehouse picking systems are no longer a luxury. They're a necessity.
In this guide, you'll learn how automated picking systems work, the types available, how to choose the right one, and how ShipHero can help you streamline fulfillment processes with confidence.
Automated warehouse picking systems use software, robotics, and real-time data to locate, retrieve, and prepare items for shipment, without relying solely on human labor. Instead of employees walking long distances and manually selecting items, automated systems bring items to workers or direct them with tools like lights, voice commands, or mobile robots.
For example, in the eCommerce space, brands use Goods-to-Person (GTP) systems to increase operational efficiency and efficiently handle large catalogs of SKUs. In retail, where seasonal order surges can overwhelm manual processes, automated solutions help companies double their picking speed and maintain consistent fulfillment even during peak demand.
The process is surprisingly seamless:
This flow is driven by smart software that integrates with warehouse management systems and supports key warehouse processes, including picking, packing, and tracking real-time inventory.
Want a deeper look at the tech behind it? Read this guide on warehouse automation software.
Thereâs no universal solution for warehouse automation. The best picking system depends on your space, order volume, and the variety of products you offer. Some work better for high-SKU, high-volume operations; others are ideal for smaller, more focused setups. Below, we break down the top systems and which warehouse types theyâre best suited for.
GTP systems deliver inventory directly to a stationary picker, eliminating walking marathons. This setup enhances inventory management, reduces physical strain on workers, and improves worker safety.
It also optimizes order accuracy by minimizing human error. By minimizing walking time and keeping pickers in one place, GTP systems significantly boost pick rates while also cutting down on labor fatigue.
Pick-to-Light is an automated solution that uses LED light bars to guide workers to the right location for picking items, enhancing accuracy, speed, and efficiency while reducing errors.
When paired with Pack-to-Light and Receive-to-Light, your entire workflow is streamlined. Pack-to-Light ensures precise packing, while Receive-to-Light optimizes inventory storage and retrieval. Together, these technologies simplify inventory management, reduce labor costs, and accelerate fulfillment.
At ShipHero, we offer all three solutions, Pick-to-Light, Pack-to-Light, and Receive-to-Light, under one roof, seamlessly integrating with your existing systems to optimize warehouse operations. The combination can help boost efficiency by 20% while also cutting costs by up to 30% for batches of 10 to 30 orders.
Pickers wear headsets and follow voice commands to locate items, like a GPS for your warehouse. This hands-free approach automates repetitive tasks, shortens training time, and reduces picking errors, even in noisy environments. It also improves accuracy, even in noisy environments where traditional methods might fall short.
AMRs, or autonomous mobile robots, navigate the warehouse floor independently, delivering items or bins to human workers or packing stations.
Unlike fixed systems, AMRs offer greater flexibility and adapt to varying warehouse sizes, support scalable operations, and offer the flexibility to grow without major infrastructure changes. Theyâre also highly scalable, which makes them a smart choice for warehouses looking to grow or adjust operations without major infrastructure changes.
These are high-tech racking systems equipped with robotic cranes or shuttles that automatically store and retrieve inventory. Theyâre especially well-suited for large warehouses with high inventory turnover, where speed and space efficiency are critical.
Businesses that need to maximize vertical storage find these systems invaluable, and industries such as pharmaceuticals, automotive, and electronics often benefit the most from their precision and scalability.
Still not convinced? The real-world benefits speak for themselves. Automation significantly reduces human error, particularly in fast-paced warehouse environments where accuracy is crucial. It also speeds up fulfillment, often cutting pick times in half or more.
By streamlining operations, businesses can lower labor costs by either reducing headcount or reassigning team members to more valuable tasks.
By transitioning to automation, companies often see dramatic improvements in efficiency and cost savings. For example, automation can reduce warehouse labor costs by up to 60%, allowing businesses to reallocate resources and scale more effectively.
Itâs not always smooth sailing when implementing automated picking systems. One of the biggest hurdles is the high initial investment, as hardware, software, and integration can come with a steep upfront cost.
Staff training is another challenge, as teams need time to learn how to use the new technology effectively. There can also be short-term disruption; installation and onboarding may temporarily slow down operations. But the long-term gains are often worth it.
For example, James Enterprise struggled with paper-based picking and processing delays before switching to ShipHeroâs Warehouse Management System.
The transition required workflow changes and staff training, but with proper planning, such as going paperless, reorganizing their layout, and utilizing smart pick paths, they boosted productivity by 38%. New hires cut their pick time from 55 to 34 seconds in just five days, proving that smart automation pays off.
Finding the right automated picking system starts with understanding your specific needs. Warehouse size plays a big role, as larger spaces often benefit most from solutions like AMRs or AS/RS that can cover more ground efficiently. If your business manages a high variety of SKUs, systems like GTP or voice picking can offer the flexibility and accuracy you need.
For those working with tighter budgets, starting with light-based or voice-guided systems can provide a solid foundation without breaking the bank. Regardless of your starting point, scalability is crucial; your system should be able to grow in tandem with your business. Partnering with ShipHero ensures you get expert, customized guidance and future-proof solutions designed specifically for your operation.
Implementing warehouse picking automation isnât just about installing new tech; itâs about doing it strategically. To get the most out of your investment and avoid common pitfalls, follow these proven best practices:
âBest Practices for Successful Warehouse Picking Automation
For example, Black Wolf Nation and its 3PL arm, ONE23 Fulfillment, partnered with ShipHero to scale their operations. By adopting ShipHero's warehouse management software, they increased their order volume from 10,000 to over 25,000 per month in less than a year. This strategic implementation allowed them to efficiently manage growth and expand into the 3PL space.
Most companies see a return on investment within 12 to 24 months, depending on the system and order volume.
Yes. Many automated systems are designed to be scalable and cost-effective, which makes them ideal for small warehouses. Solutions like Pick-to-Light and voice picking can start small and expand as your operation grows.
Yes. Advanced systems feature adjustable grippers, sensors, and packaging logic to safely handle delicate or irregularly shaped products.
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Warehouse management systems make daily warehouse operations efficient. And wave planning is at the heart of it.
As part of the supply chain industry where efficiency is of utmost importance, the fast-paced environment of warehouse management requires every aspect of operations to work on schedule. This is where wave planning comes into play and brings efficiency to the table.
It integrates with warehouse management systems and streamlines end-to-end warehouse operations to meet customer expectations of fast shipping and real-time updates.
Wave planning batches orders for optimized picking routes, shipping, and priority. It supports operational workflows and integrates with warehouse wave picking strategies to maximize productivity, reduce errors, and improve overall daily warehouse output.
This turns warehouse operations into an organized process of handling and systematizing hundreds of orders a day.
Applying the best practices for wave management allows for maximum efficiency in managing daily warehouse operations. Start with these:
Not all orders need to be shipped at the same time. Some can wait, others canât. Strategic planning means prioritizing orders based on shipping deadlines to ensure they are shipped out and delivered on time. This increases customer satisfaction and overall operational efficiency. To better understand the core workflows that make this strategy effective, explore how we have explained the six key warehouse processes.
Accessing real-time data allows you to monitor every wave thatâs happening, from orders getting picked up to those that are delayed. This lets you take action accordingly, especially when spotting issues as they are happening.
Downtimes are red flags in wave management. They are equal to unproductivity and possible shipment delays, both affecting operations to meet quotas and customer satisfaction.
Reduce idle time in operations with these methods:
High-demand periods like holidays, promotions, and occasional spikes can cause chaos, especially if you donât have a plan in place. That chaos can overwhelm your normal operations and lead to delays and unsatisfied customers.
Avoid this by ensuring scalability for peak periods with effective wave planning:
If youâre preparing your warehouse for high-volume fulfillment, it may be worth exploring how automated warehouse picking systems can make wave execution more efficient and adaptable.
Warehouses have different zones to which pickers are assigned.
Having specific picking zones gives structure to the picking process, making it easier to execute even through high-volume orders.Having defined picking zones helps:
Wave management gives you the flexibility to adapt quickly when an unexpected change occurs during operations.
A common issue often faced in wave management is the sudden changes in order volume. This disrupts the flow of current waves and may have an avalanche effect on the whole operation if not solved immediately.
Hereâs how wave management adjusts operations to meet demand fluctuations:
A warehouse management system creates an overall plan that controls the flow of a warehouse's production. Using tools and automation, a WMS simplifies and streamlines wave management to execute warehouse operations from fulfillment to packing and delivery.
The main difference between wave planning and wave management is that the former is where the strategizing happens, while the latter is the execution and overseeing that the plan takes place.
Wave planning is the strategic part of grouping what orders should be fulfilled together, setting the time for wave releases, and adjusting them based on warehouse capacity and labor availability.
Wave management is the main operational part where the production happens. It tracks the real-time progress of wave execution to ensure things are running smoothly according to plan.
The main difference between digital and wholesale waves lies in their order size, wave planning, and operational goal. Due to their differences, each wave type requires different planning and strategy.
Digital waves service the B2C channel, are high in volume, and often have small, single-item orders that require urgent or same-day deliveries. The wave strategy used is frequent and short for flexibility. For this wave type, warehouse managers use WMS-integrated mobile devices for tech support
Meanwhile, wholesale waves are for bulk orders, often for retail distribution, resellers, or B2B supply chains. Wholesale waves have a lower order volume with large shipments and more flexible timelines.
Yes, it can be used if they have large volumes of orders per day, orders with time-blocked pickups, or group orders with shipping deadlines.
Yes. eCommerce and retail, grocery and food distribution, healthcare and pharmaceutical, industrial supply, and consumer packaged goods industries are industries that benefit from wave planning. These are industries with high order volume, delivery sensitivity, and high operational complexity.
Yes, wave management is designed to make warehouse operations, including same-day shipping, possible. Wave management creates a structure that speeds up the order fulfillment, speeding up the process for all warehouse operations, such as same-day shipping.
Your warehouse isnât slow because your team isnât working hard. Itâs slow because theyâre working inefficiently. When every picker is chasing orders in random directions, you lose time, increase errors, and risk customer satisfaction.
Wave picking fixes that by turning chaos into coordination. By grouping orders for optimized picking routes and releasing them in scheduled âwaves,â you can streamline picking, reduce walking time, and enhance picking speed, especially in high-volume eCommerce environments.
In this guide, weâll explain what wave picking is, how it works, and how to use it to run a faster, leaner, and more accurate warehouse.
Wave picking is a warehouse picking strategy where orders are grouped and released in scheduled âwavesâ throughout the day. Each wave organizes orders based on factors like delivery time, product type, or warehouse zone, to help your team pick faster, move smarter, and stay organized. When paired with automated warehouse picking systems, wave picking becomes even more powerful, and minimizes manual effort while maximizing speed and accuracy.
For example, a warehouse might group all orders that need same-day shipping into a morning wave, while standard shipping orders are picked in the afternoon. This keeps the flow structured and reduces chaos on the floor.
Brands using wave picking have seen measurable results. A study published in Acta Logistica found that accurately batching and releasing orders in structured waves reduced cycle times by more than 13% compared to unplanned methods, proving how it standardizes warehouse processes and improves resource utilization. This demonstrates how even modest changes in picking structure can lead to significant gains in warehouse efficiency.
Wave picking operates through a structured, three-phase process: pre-wave, wave, and post-wave.
Each stage plays a critical role in coordinating order fulfillment, from organizing batches of orders to guiding pickers efficiently through the warehouse and ensuring fast, accurate packing and shipping. Understanding how each phase works is key to unlocking the full efficiency potential of wave picking.
Before picking begins, the warehouse management system (WMS) organizes inventory for efficiency by grouping orders into waves based on factors like shipping deadlines, SKU type, or zone. It then generates batch pick lists, allocates resources, and ensures that equipment and carts are ready, laying the groundwork for a smooth picking process using proven picking strategies.
Good Company, a 3PL provider, exemplified this by leveraging ShipHero's multi-item batch feature. This streamlined their pre-wave setup, enabling them to group multiple orders with shared items into single picking runs. This drastically reduced picker travel, and as they scaled from 500-600 to 6,000-10,000 units daily within 18 months, allowed them to halve their pick time. This demonstrates the immense power of an optimized pre-wave process.
Once a wave begins, pickers follow optimized routes through the warehouse to collect items. The goal is to reduce backtracking and congestion by assigning pickers to specific zones or paths.
E-Commerce Xpress, an eCommerce fulfillment provider, has significantly streamlined its picking process by adopting ShipHero's Warehouse Management System (WMS). Their previous manual methods caused inefficiencies and excessive picker travel. By using ShipHero's multi-batch order feature, they transformed their picking phase. This technology groups multiple orders into single runs, creating highly optimized routes and eliminating unnecessary trips. The result was profound: E-Commerce Xpress could fulfill 200 orders in just 2 hours with one person, a task that previously required four staff members 4-5 hours. This showcases how wave picking handles peak operational loads and supports multi-order fulfillment with ease.
After items are picked, they move to packing and shipping. This phase includes labeling, verifying accuracy, and dispatching the final product. A well-organized post-wave process ensures orders are completed on time and without mistakes.Consider Vareya, a 3PL and fulfillment company, which dramatically improved its post-wave efficiency and client satisfaction by adopting ShipHero's Warehouse Management System (WMS). Previously, Vareya struggled with disconnected systems, resulting in significant errors and excessive paperwork. By migrating to ShipHero, they automated workflows and shipping labels, ensuring efficiency and accuracy in packing and dispatch. This allowed them to triple business volume and meet customer service levels consistently.
To get the full benefits of wave picking, itâs essential to follow proven best practices that align your people, tools, and workflows. From using the right technology to organizing pick paths and handling carts efficiently, these core strategiesâlike those in our warehouse picking strategies guideâwill help you maximize speed, accuracy, and productivity in every wave.
A powerful WMS like ShipHero automates wave creation, drives real-time decision-making, and optimizes paths. It ensures every wave is precisely executed and synced with inventory.
Calculating optimal picking routes is one of the most effective ways to reduce travel time on the warehouse floor, a major contributor to inefficiency. By using route optimization software, pickers follow the shortest and most logical paths through the facility, thereby avoiding unnecessary backtracking and congestion. This not only speeds up fulfillment but also reduces fatigue and boosts overall productivity, especially in high-volume environments where every second counts.
Efficient cart handling is key to successful wave picking. Organizing carts by order, zone, or SKU reduces sorting time and speeds up packing. This keeps the workflow smooth, reduces errors, and enhances overall fulfillment efficiency.
Wave picking comes in different forms, each suited to specific warehouse needs. Whether youâre handling large SKU volumes, urgent orders, or multiple zones, choosing the right strategy can boost speed, accuracy, and efficiency.
Organizing wave picking by product type allows warehouses to group similar SKUs into the same wave. This reduces picker travel time, as items are often stored near each other, and enables faster, more efficient picking by creating consistent, repeatable paths through the warehouse. Itâs especially useful for high-assortment operations where grouping like products streamlines the process.
Wave picking by order priority ensures that urgent orders, such as express shipments or VIP customers, are grouped and processed first. By releasing these high-priority orders in the earliest waves, warehouses can ensure faster turnaround times and meet strict delivery deadlines, thereby maintaining high customer satisfaction and consistent service levels.
Dividing the warehouse into picking zones allows each wave to focus on a specific area, reducing unnecessary movement and streamlining the picking process. Assigning pickers to dedicated zones allows waves to run simultaneously in different zones, reducing congestion and enabling scalability in operations.
Wave picking is a fulfillment strategy designed to group orders into scheduled "waves" based on factors like shipping deadlines, product locations, or customer types.
This method is especially valuable in high-volume or time-sensitive operations where precision and speed are critical. Below are four key benefits of using wave picking in your warehouse:
Wave picking keeps operations structured, which allows you to process more orders per shift without expanding your physical footprint.
By reducing idle time and unnecessary movement, wave picking streamlines the entire fulfillment process. After adopting ShipHeroâs WMS, American Tall saw a 275% increase in picking efficiency and cut fulfillment errors by 50%, allowing them to scale operations by 400%âclear proof of how structured picking methods lead to faster, more reliable order delivery.
With batch pick lists, scanning, and real-time tracking, wave picking drastically reduces errors in item selection and order completion.
Fewer errors, faster picks, and optimized labor use = lower costs. Wave picking helps you do more with fewer resources.
The main difference between wave picking and batch picking lies in their timing and level of structure. Wave picking organizes and releases orders at scheduled times throughout the day, which is ideal for high-volume warehouses where precise timing and a smooth workflow are essential. This method offers a structured approach that reduces errors and supports scalability, but it requires more upfront planning and a reliable warehouse management system.
In contrast, batch picking allows warehouse staff to pick multiple orders in a single trip without being tied to a specific schedule. Itâs a simpler, more flexible method thatâs well-suited for smaller operations with lower order complexity.
While batch picking is easy to implement and has a lower barrier to entry, it becomes less efficient when dealing with large volumes or time-sensitive orders. Choosing the right approach depends on your warehouse size, order volume, and fulfillment goals.
Yes. Wave picking can scale down for smaller operations to help them improve organization, reduce picker confusion, and streamline fulfillment.
No. Only certain WMS platforms, such as ShipHero, offer full wave picking functionality, including automated order grouping, routing, and inventory syncing.
Absolutely. Wave picking was designed for fast-paced, high-volume environments where timing, accuracy, and scalability are critical.
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